WARM-UP VIDEO FOR THERE IS AND THERE ARE

Instructions. 'There is' and 'there are' might be difficult to catch, because sometimes they sound like 'thz' or 'the'. Listen and fill the gaps with a frequently used expression that contains 'There is' or 'There are'.

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Exercise. Complete each gap with suitable words and expressions you hear from the video.

In this phone, (1) ………….. 100 million transistors, in this computer (2) ………….. a billion. The transistor is in virtually every electronic device we use: TV's, radios, Tamagotchis. improve performance. Yeah it's actually just like that, except on the atomic level. (3) ………….. types of doping called n-type and p-type. To make n-type semiconductor, you take pure silicon and inject a small amount of an element with 5 valence electrons, like Phosphorous. has n on the ends with p in the middle. Just like a switch a transistor has an electrical contact at each end and these are called the source and the drain. But instead of a mechanical switch, (4) ………….. third electrical contact called the gate, which is insulated from the semiconductor by an oxide layer. When a transistor is made, the n and p-types don't keep to themselves -- electrons actually diffuse from the n-type, where (5) ………….. of them into the p-type to fill the holes. This creates something called the depletion layer. What's been depleted? Charges that can move. (6) ………….. more free electrons in the n-type -- why? Because they've filled the holes in the p-type. Now this makes the p-type negative thanks to the added electrons. And this is important But to keep up with Moore's law, they're going to have to keep getting smaller. Moore's Law states that every two years the number of transistors on a chip should double. And (7) ………….. limit, as those terminals get closer and closer together, quantum effects become more significant and electrons can actually tunnel from one side to the other. So you may not be able to make a barrier high enough to stop them from flowing.

Key: Look at the key and say aloud the script from the video to improve your English.

In this phone, (1) (there are nearly) 100 million transistors, in this computer (2) (there's over) a billion. The transistor is in virtually every electronic device we use: TV's, radios, Tamagotchis. improve performance. Yeah it's actually just like that, except on the atomic level. (3) (There are two) types of doping called n-type and p-type. To make n-type semiconductor, you take pure silicon and inject a small amount of an element with 5 valence electrons, like Phosphorous. has n on the ends with p in the middle. Just like a switch a transistor has an electrical contact at each end and these are called the source and the drain. But instead of a mechanical switch, (4) (there is a) third electrical contact called the gate, which is insulated from the semiconductor by an oxide layer. When a transistor is made, the n and p-types don't keep to themselves -- electrons actually diffuse from the n-type, where (5) (there are more) of them into the p-type to fill the holes. This creates something called the depletion layer. What's been depleted? Charges that can move. (6) (There are no) more free electrons in the n-type -- why? Because they've filled the holes in the p-type. Now this makes the p-type negative thanks to the added electrons. And this is important But to keep up with Moore's law, they're going to have to keep getting smaller. Moore's Law states that every two years the number of transistors on a chip should double. And (7) (there is a) limit, as those terminals get closer and closer together, quantum effects become more significant and electrons can actually tunnel from one side to the other. So you may not be able to make a barrier high enough to stop them from flowing.

Sources: 

Channel: Veritasium. How Does a Transistor Work?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcrBqCFLHIY

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Compiled by Top Grade Edu